The Two Essential Levels of Storytelling…and How to Navigate Them

The Two Essential Levels of Storytelling…and How to Navigate Them

Here's a miracle that happens everywhere in the world, year after year:
Large numbers of human children learn one of the most complex skills known: how to speak a human language!
We take this miracle for granted. But how do we "teach" language to small children?
And why, given the appalling percentage of failure in later schooling, does nearly every child (of every cultural and economic background!) learn to speak their native language fluently?

And what does this teach us about learning storytelling?

Making Storytelling Mastery Available to All!

Making Storytelling Mastery Available to All!

The web is filled with courses in storytelling and story-writing. Some are written by famous authors, others by experienced teachers. Many are useful; sadly, many others are not.

Even the most useful courses seem to cover similar ground, containing treatments of the most obvious aspects of stories: plot, conflict, theme, setting, characterization, etc. To be sure, those can be useful!

But the vast majority of essays and courses stop well short of the "nitty-gritty"—the actual options available to all storytellers and story writers for how to express each element of stories: plot, conflict, theme, etc.

How to Promote Human Creativity?

How to Promote Human Creativity?

Every one of us is inherently creative.

Sadly though, most of us have been treated as though we are not creative, as though creativity is rare and only for "special people." Therefore, being told you are creative can bring up lots of "but...." thoughts—and even "No, I'm not" thoughts.

Fortunately, there’s a way around this inhibition: fun!

In other words, to help others be creative, use your own creativity…to make it fun for others!

Why Not Make It Easier to Create Stories?

I remember being about 13, in junior high school (this was 1960)—and having to “write a story.” I was terrified.

I liked the teacher who had assigned this to our class. But to come up with something good enough to be shared with the whole class? All I could imagine was being mocked and humiliated by my fellow students, for telling whatever story I tried to tell.

I was sure I’d fail, so I put off thinking about it at all—for two weeks.

The closer the deadline came, the more scared I got. And more grumpy—I made the full move into surly.

My mom had started to avoid my unpleasant self. From time to time, she’d take the time to criticize me for being so irritable. (As you can imagine, that didn’t help me much.)

But then my Dad got a Saturday off.

The Short Time That Took Me a Long Way

You see, my dad worked a 5-day job with long hours and a long commute during the week. Then, on the weekends, if he had appointments to take people’s photographs, he went to their homes and took their photos on Saturday and Sunday.

So, as much as he loved me and believed in me, he would sometimes miss a life-or-death crisis—like my having to write a story for English class.

My Dad’s Saturday Off

But the Saturday before my story was due, my Dad didn’t have any customers to take photo portraits of, so he stayed home. That’s how it came about that he asked me what I was bothered about.

I can still remember him sitting me down across from him around our small, round, Formica table—where our whole family ate meals together, on the scarce days when Dad was home early enough.

From Breaking Bread to Breaking Open

I sat with my Dad as he ate his late dinner (the rest of the family and I had eaten hours earlier), but he didn’t let on that he’d noticed there was a problem—until the dishes were cleared and the two of us were alone at the table.

As soon as we heard the TV turn on in the next room, he said softly, “Something bothering you?”

After a while, I answered him: “I gotta write a story by Monday and read it to the whole class.”

The Story Turns….

Throughout my young years, my Dad had told me story after story—and had listened many stories out of me. But those were for fun, not for being graded in front of a room full of embarrassed adolescents. And by now I was lost in hopelessness: I would certainly never have a story to tell the class, and, if I did, it would certainly be stupid.

I was certain that I’d be humiliated in front of the whole class.

My Dad didn’t approach my problem with a solution. Instead, he asked, “If you were, someday, going to tell a story, what might it be about?”

Before I knew it, I was seeing something in my mind: a group of older teens—who, to my 11-year-old self, seemed far older than me.

“Well, I said, “maybe something about the “lunch counter sit-ins” for civil rights. Maybe I could write about a bunch of us joining a sit-in.”

In the Days of the Sit-In

As I spoke that, I suddenly imagined a lunch-counter protest like the ones I’d heard about in Alabama and Mississippi. Several of us sat down at the counter in a drugstore in the deep South, just like I’d seen in Life magazine. We talked each other into not getting up from the lunch counter until we had been hauled away and arrested for protesting the drug store’s “no black people allowed” policy.

Egged on by my Dad’s deep listening and obvious delight in everything I said, I found myself spinning the story. I had never dreamed of telling such a story aloud—or even dared to think of being part of a sit-in. Yet, here I was, telling it to my dad as I imagined it.

Some minutes later, my mood changed completely for the better. I knew I’d need to smooth out my spontaneous story and fill in some holes in it. But I had a story to tell!

To my utter amazement, a tolerable story—about a subject I cared bout—had flowed out of my mind with little effort, as a series of vivid images.

For a few moments, I was stunned. And my dad was smiling.

Seeing my burgeoning confidence, my Dad told me several particulars he liked about my story.

Without even noticing, I had moved from being terrified because I had no story to tell, to realizing there was something that I both cared about and could imagine—at least well enough to have something to go on as, over the next day or so, I prepared the story for English class.

What Happened?

There were so many things that happened in that time with my Dad. Having experienced some of this story-in-the-making in my own imagination as well as his positive response, I realized I was no longer in despair. And, though it didn’t occur to me then, I later realized some of how my dad had helped me to come up with a story out of thin air:

  1. He had patiently listened and watched me as I put myself in an imagined situation that turned out to mean something to me;

  2. I had been buoyed by having a great listener who listened intently—and who believed in my ability to stumble my way to a full story;

  3. My Dad’s positive, receptive stance both encouraged and relaxed me—and left me in charge of what I decided to say;

  4. My Dad didn’t focus primarily on whether I had a story; instead, he accepted—and was pleased by—whatever came out of my mouth. And that, in turn, freed my mind to imagine still more things I had never before imagined.

In just 15 minutes or so, my Dad had given me what I needed—not to "make a story”, but to enter the flow enough to allow a story to grow out of my previously unconscious imaginings.

As a result, I had gone from being obsessed with failure when I had no idea what to tell—to telling something I cared about and could talk about to a listener.

Once I had done that, I had developed enough interest and confidence, to dare to write down some of what I’d said—what my Dad had "listened out of me"—in time for my school assignment.

Many Years Later: Image Riding

Decades later during the 1980s—when I was co-leading a storytelling and creativity workshop with master teller Jay O’Callahan—I found myself relaxed enough to begin to follow a series of images, with no plan and no idea where they would lead. It didn’t occur to me at the time, but now I realize that I was building further on what my dad’s persistent listening had convinced me that I was capable of doing.

My experience in that workshop prompted me to “radically follow the images” as far as I could. In time, I came to call that process “Image Riding.”

I have relied on it to create many stories. And others have used the process, too. Steffani Raff, for example, has used Image Riding to create an award-winning full book of stories (The Ravenous Gown)—and also to discover images to help her solve problems in her life—both large and small.

The process is surprisingly simple—but it requires a different mindset from what you may have previously been taught.

The hardest part of learning it? Moving from “make a story” to “allow a story to flow into you.”

That’s only hard because you’ve been taught—and likely spent years pursuing—a method that over-relies on your conscious mind, but ignores your inherent creative imagination.

Give It a Try?

Even though the Image Riding process is easy and natural, you’ve very likely spent years using a quite different process that all too often feels plodding and exhausting.

Yes, it is reassuring, in a way, to believe in a linear approach to creativity. After all, if there are known steps to follow, you never need to open yourself to uncertainty.

But that reassurance can come at a high cost! Over-reliance on your methodical, conscious thinking processes can prevent you from accessing the glories of your rapid, unconscious thinking abilities.

You’ll probably need some help to regain the easy access to your imagination that you had as a young child,.

But the benefits are huge. You won’t lose anything easier: you’ll still know how to work linearly and analytically (which isn’t my first choice for the creation process, but can be very helpful for the revision process).

Let me know how this works for you!

Use the comment section, below, to let me know your thoughts and your experiences using this natural story-creation process.

Have you tried it? Have you always done it? Does it seem frightening? Freeing?

The step-by-step, analytical, assemble-the-parts method of creating stories is not wrong or bad. But it relies exclusively on what some call “slow thinking.” As useful as “slow thinking” is, it’s, well, slow. And linear. It requires conscious, plodding effort.

Best of all, you don’t have to give up your slow-thinking abilities. Instead, add to them the rapid, non-linear thinking built into your brain. Why not give conceptual thinking some time off, and explore image-thinking. It’s a gift you were born with!

Why don't storytellers make better plots?

Why don't storytellers make better plots?

Why don't storytellers (and even many story-writers) make better plots?

Here are a few "plot confusions" that might contribute to the problem:

  1. For many storytellers, plots don't always seem as interesting as characters, places, and points of view—so we aren't as motivated to understand their essence and ways to help them grow;

  2. Indeed, plots often seem abstract and mathematical (they aren't really), whereas most storytellers care more about emotions and experiences. So we don't enjoy good relationships with the world of plot; and

  3. We've been told to "assemble" plots (examples range from misunderstandings of Aristotle to the Hero's Journey, Freytag's pyramid—and many more "plot formulas"!)—so plots don't seem as "artistic" as the other elements of story.

In truth, plot is intimately interwoven with characters, the physical world, and character emotions.

So why do we believe those misleading falsehoods and half-truths?

Plot? Who Likes Plot?

Plot? Who Likes Plot?

I spent many years ignoring plot.

Why?

Well, plot always seemed a bit like my second-cousin-in-law, Abner (name changed to protect the guilty: me).

Sure, Cousin Abner (who was considerably older than me) came to every party, invited or not. His cigars fouled the air and his butt-in comments fouled our conversations. We greeted him as warmly as we could, but not nearly as warmly as when we watched him go out the door. [cartoon of cigar-smoking man?]

In short: like a bad story's plot, Cousin Abner felt like a necessity to be endured—but never a pleasure.

Cousin Plot?

Over decades of professional storytelling, I have long told (and created) stories—which meant that I had to come to terms with their plots. I had to tweak their plots, revamp their plots, and sometimes borrow some of one story's plot to use in another.

But I saw plot in the same light as Cousin Abner: as something unavoidable—but that I never enjoyed dealing with.

Does your Non-Fiction Need a Plot?

We don't usually think of non-fiction as having a plot! After all, you might say, "Non-fiction should earn its keep through meaning and relevance—not through something as artsy as a 'plot.'"

But what is a plot? Dictionaries might claim that plot is the sequence of inter-related events in a play, movie, or novel.

That's what plot is. But, as story crafters, we need to know what a plot does.

For me, a plot must do three key things…

Why "Eternal" Plots Are Always Temporary!

Why "Eternal" Plots Are Always Temporary!

Many story experts maintain that there are “eternal plot structures” that have always existed and always will. There is ample evidence from history that those experts are wrong.

But there are other reasons that also contradict the “eternal plot form” hypothesis, including the endless co-evolution of audience expectations and the dynamics of how storytellers both shape and follow listener expectations…

Let's Reclaim the Joy of Plot!

There’s no question that creating and optimizing the plot of a story can involve lots of head-scratching.

Some of that searching and puzzlement is intrinsic to the nature of plot, which needs to

  1. Engage our listeners (or readers), then

  2. Keep them interested until the end—and, finally,

  3. Leave them feeling satisfied and rewarded at the story’s end.

Those are three demanding tasks!

But much of that puzzlement is not created by the nature of plot itself, but by some unhelpful ways of teaching, explaining, and creating plot.

For example, many writers and teachers:

a) treat plot as a structure that you impose on your stories—and

b) insist that certain "eternal plot structures" are built into our nervous systems and—by implication—do not change across time or across cultures.

Those approaches muddy the waters, distracting us from the actual puzzles of plot—and, thereby, make the plotting process more difficult and perplexing than it needs to be.

But there are bright spots…

That said, there are people writing about plot who do an excellent job of resisting the trend toward teaching rigid plot structures. (So far, I've found two: Angus Fletcher and Ronald Tobias. I”m enjoying the process of integrating their work into my own understandings of plot!)

If a Plot Seems "Eternal"—Watch Out!

One premise of an organic approach to plots is that plots need to live and grow: if a plot seems to be "eternal," then it's very likely about to die.

For example, of the "forty plots" heralded as essential in the 1800s, twenty of them are no longer used at all!

So, we need to be skeptical of advice about the eternal nature of certain plot structures!

We are growers of plots—and more

What we want is not the plots, but the plotting! We want to be able to grow plots that fit our purposes (not just superimpose plots onto our stories).

For a while, I focused primarily on the growth processes necessary for mature plots. That was mostly helpful, but it left out something crucial:

The experience of hearing or reading a wonderfully plotted story—and the experience of creating a good plot—are both joyful!

Yes, there will be times of struggle and exhaustion. Of course!

But it's the joy that matters in the end, including your joy as a creator or performer.

At its best, it's also your joy in the experience of your audience, as they participate in joyful engagement with your stories.

The Simple Question…

The key to great plots, then, is not:

  • attempting to fit your story into some supposedly "universal plot."

It's also not

  • using the parts of the Hero's Journey, or

  • trying to conform to any particular abstract outline (as useful as all these can sometimes be).

Instead, it's how we can answer a simple question:

Does your plot (and, more generally, your story) create joy?

In particular, does joy inhabit what you've written or told? Does it give you joy when you create (or perform it)?

This doesn't mean, of course, that I think your stories need to be "happy." No.

But plot is magical in a way: out of nothing comes a story that's wry—or moving, humorous, alarming, or even transformative.

And any of those outcomes is satisfying and even joyful.

Long live the joy you will get from learning, experimenting, revising—and just plain living—with the dynamic adventure of plot!

A Cuban Immigrant, the "CH Monster," and a Lesson about Plot

Tersi Bendiburg came to the U.S. from her Cuban birthplace when she was ten. She struggled to pronounce certain sounds in U.S. English. In particular, she struggled for years to produce the sound of "ch" (as in "church").

"They made me try to say ‘ch’ over and over, imitating my speech teacher. But II never learned.”

I said, "That should not have happened to you!"

She said, “Why not?”…

Can We Talk About Plot?

Plot is an essential dimension of stories, so we need to describe it clearly.

Unfortunately, the word “plot” is used in several mutually exclusive ways. This confusion interferes with our ability to tell (or write) compelling stories!

Fortunately, there’s at least one elegant way to overcome this problem…

Midrash—A Key to Interpretation

Midrash—A Key to Interpretation

As storytellers, we know that any teller has the power to "make midrash," and therefore to emphasize any particular interpretation of a story. Obviously, this power brings a responsibility to be thoughtful about the meaning we choose to communicate.

At the same time, we may have another social responsibility: to remind our listeners—and the world at large—of how any story's meaning can be completely transformed by merely adding or deleting certain incidents.

A Great Artist Has Left Us!

A great artist has left us. What can we learn from him?

This Thanksgiving, I'm filled with both sadness and joy.

One of my lifetime heroes, Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis, died just a couple of months ago. At the same time that I mourn his passing, I'm filled with thankfulness that he lived and that he indirectly influenced my life.

Theodorakis certainly influenced Greece! When he died this September, the prime minister declared three days of national mourning—and thousands stood in line to view the composer's casket.

The Record on the Wall

The name of Theodorakis came into my life in the summer of 1969…

Oops! I Buried the Lead (and how not to)

Oops! I Buried the Lead (and how not to)

What is "burying the lead?" (By the way, "lead" is pronounced like in "leader," not like in "led.")

Writer Nora Ephron told a story about her high school journalism class that explains it. Here's my version of what she said*:

Nora's journalism teacher told the class that "the lead" is the first sentence of a newspaper article, which should summarize concisely what the article is about. That lets readers decide whether they want to keep reading—or else skip to another article.

Next, he read aloud a few sentences along these lines:

Next Thursday, May 28, the faculty of this high school will attend a special training in Sacramento, featuring the anthropologist Margaret Mead and others. The faculty will learn new teaching methods, the principal announced today.

Then the teacher instructed the class members to write down their idea of "the lead" for an article about that "special training" announcement…

Are You Sure You Need to Be a "Lone Genius"?

Are You Sure You Need to Be a "Lone Genius"?

In our society, we tend to tell a familiar story about a variety of famous artists, novelists, etc.: namely, the romantic story of the "lone genius." Frequently, as in the archetypal case of painter Vincent Van Gogh, it's a "crazed, lone genius."

But like all stereotypes, this one oversimplifies at best—and, at worst, is not only blatantly false but deeply damaging.

The Archetypal Lone Genius?

Van Gogh never wanted to be alone! Yes, he suffered from seizures later in his life, perhaps caused by temporal lobe epilepsy. Yes, his social skills were rudimentary.

Nonetheless, van Gogh tried with all his might to surround himself with supportive fellow artists. Again and again, he described his dream of a group of artists living together and supporting each other's art…

New Ways for Writers to Help Each Other?

New Ways for Writers to Help Each Other?

Here's a core question when writing books, essays, etc.:

"Because we are typically writing alone, how can we get enough helpful reader feedback? After all, oral storytellers get real-time feedback, which speeds up the trial and error process enormously!

A possible solution question:

"Might there be new ways to elicit reader feedback that would shine new lights on works in progress?

Testing the Question

To test that solution question, I created a purposely brief written "story." Then I asked one of my listening buddies, Dr. Sharon Livingston, to read it aloud to me:

Some years ago, my wife Pam told me that she wanted a cat.

I reminded her of something she knew well, "But I'm allergic to cats!"

[read more!]

Writer's Block: A New Approach!

Writer's Block: A New Approach!

Many writers have had small or large experiences of "writer's block," which leaves them unable to write (perhaps for a few days or, more terrifyingly, for weeks or months).

I began to read essays about so-called "writer's block" that talked about it, not as some dread ailment that can simply paralyze you out of the blue, but rather as a sign that something in your writing may need to change!

After several conversations with other storytellers, I began to wonder: is "writer's block" actually a generic name for being stuck while facing a storytelling obstacle?

If so, then we know some key things about writer's block and how to overcome it…

Why Do Writers Quit—and What Can Storytellers Offer, to Help Them?

Why Do Writers Quit—and What Can Storytellers Offer, to Help Them?

Let's face it: most writers quit. They may start with an idea for a novel, a memoir, or a non-fiction book, but (if the polls can be trusted) over 80 percent give up before they finish.

What makes them quit? Lack of discipline? Failure to commit to their project?

I suspect that the answer is simpler and sadder than we think: Most writers just don't get the kind of timely reader feedback they need. As a result, they succumb to excruciating, energy-sapping uncertainty—which can lead, in time, to abandoning their writing project.

Feedback from Oral Storytelling

Oral storytellers have an advantage when dealing with this kind of problem. How? They tell to live audiences and adjust to instantaneous listener feedback: facial expressions, laughter, body language, etc.

Such rapid feedback not only allows the teller to make rapid changes in a story, but it also reduces uncertainty.